Citigroup Before I begin, let me say that my remarks reflect my own views and are not necessarily the views of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), my fellow CFTC commissioners or of the CFTC staff.
The complaint charges that Citigroup engaged in numerous noncompetitive and fictitious futures trades in order to steal money from a bank, N.A. proprietary account for which Citigroup exercised trading authority as an employee of Global Markets Ltd. and pass the money to his own personal account.
I thank Mark Calabria and the Cato Institute for inviting me to speak today. It is an honor to address this esteemed organization that I greatly admire.
It is also a pleasure to follow Joshua Rosner, whose book ?Reckless Endangerment? is a must read that describes the circumstances of the 2008 financial crisis.
Some of you will know that the Cato Institute was named after Cato's Letters, essays first published from 1720 to 1723 under the pseudonym of Cato, commonly known as Cato the Younger, who lived in Rome from 95 to 46 BC and was an implacable foe of Julius Caesar and stubborn champion of (lower case ?R?) republican principles.
In our lifetime, the Cato Institute seeks to increase public appreciation for ?principles of individual liberty, limited government, free markets and peace.? It is the application of those principles to American capital markets and capital formation that we are here to discuss today.
It is not a matter of opinion, but a matter of economic fact that everywhere there are free and competitive markets, combined with free enterprise, personal choice, voluntary exchange and legal protection of person and property you will find the underpinnings of broad and sustained prosperity. These elements, wherever and whenever deployed, lift millions of people out of poverty.
Here at home, these elements are under attack by critics of our financial markets. These critics have lost sight of the fact that global capital markets remain the engines of rising standards of living and prosperity. These critics talk approximately separating markets from risk, as if they have no idea that risk and prosperity are invariably linked. They say risk can be extracted from the marketplace through centralized economic planning and direction. They say income inequality can be reduced through increased political control over people?s economic choices. They say wealth redistribution should be tolerated by passing on to our children and grandchildren additional trillions of dollars in federal debt.
Meanwhile, these critics of free markets hardly ever talk about regaining broad and durable prosperity. Yet, prosperity was the common state of the American experience for us and generations before us.1 And Americans still desire prosperity to be the default state for our children. What we have nowadays is just not good enough.
In fact, what we have today is simply the worst U.S. recovery from any recession since the Great Depression. Last year, the Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Christine Lagarde, dubbed current economic conditions as the ?new mediocre.?2 That is actually a gentle description for the state we are in.
The CFTC staff members responsible for this matter are Christopher Giglio, Elizabeth Padgett, David W. Oakland, K. Brent Tomer, Manal Sultan, Lenel Hickson, Stephen J. Obie, Vincent McGonagle, Brian Rushton, Vincent Varisano and Marshall Horn.Media Contact Dennis Holden 202-418-5088.
We learned final Friday that the U.S. economy actually shrunk by 0.7 percent between January and March of this year.3 U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has not grown greater than 2.5 percent for the past half-dozen years ? the slowest rate of growth since the U.S. began compiling dependable economic statistics a century ago.4 That is less than the average annual U.S. economic growth rate and substantially less than a typical post-recession rate of growth.5
The official U.S. unemployment rate has fallen steadily during the past few years. Yet, this recovery has created the fewest jobs relative to the preceding employment peak of any prior recovery.6 In this year?s first quarter, the labor force participation rate hit a 36 year low of 62.5 percent.7 The number of Americans not in the labor force hit a record high of 93.7 million people.8 Part-time work and long-term unemployment are still well above levels from before the financial crisis.9 One in three Americans between the age of 18 and 31 are living with their parents10 and, in one out of five American families, no one has a job.11
Worse, middle class incomes continue to fall during this recovery, losing even more ground than during the recession.12 Real disposable personal income is well below its projected pre-recession levels. The number in poverty has also continued to soar to about 50 million Americans.13 That is the highest level in the more than 50 years that the census has been tracking poverty.14 Income inequality has risen more in the past few years15 while the prospect of working in a secure full-time job has greatly diminished in this new mediocre economy.16
As a former trade executive, I can tell you that the plethora of federal regulations is a major drag on the U.S. economy. Regulations now cost the U.S. more than 12 percent of GDP, or $2 trillion annually.17 The average manufacturing firm spends nearly $20,000 per employee per year on complying with federal regulations.18 For manufacturers with fewer than 50 employees, the per-employee cost rises to nearly $35,000.19 With that amount of cost per employee, is it any wonder that the rate of hiring is so abysmal? In a recent, major survey of CEOs of American companies, they overwhelmingly cited over regulation as a barrier to capital investment that would otherwise stimulate job creation and wage growth.20
Still, Americans remain an aspirational people despite the economic frustration of the past several years. Yet, they are increasingly worried they may soon fall out of their economic class.21 I consent with Governor Jack Markell of Delaware, who recently wrote that Americans need jobs, not populism.22 Americans want robust economic growth, not excuses based on not good winter weather.23 If we are to meet our obligations to the next generation of Americans, we must address head-on the challenges of the new mediocre and take steps to replace it with broad based prosperity and full time job creation.
The answer lies in economic freedom and opportunity: the same combination of ingredients that invariably leads to more prosperity ? even for the poor ? than does centralized political planning.24
As you know, capital markets such as the stock and bond markets play an essential role in economic growth by marshalling resources and deploying them in productive ways. They serve as a link between savers and investors by shifting financial resources from surplus and waste to deficit and production. They allow the rational allocation of goods and resources spurring expansion of trade and industry. And, yes, regulators have a key role to play in capital markets by making certain they are well-ordered and not manipulated by bad actors, misconducted by fraud or misused for political purposes.
Adequate trading liquidity is the life blood of successful financial markets. In essence, liquidity is the degree to which a financial instrument may be easily bought or sold with minimal price disturbance by alert and willing buyers and sellers. The U.S. has long enjoyed some of the world?s deepest and most liquid financial markets for trading U.S. Treasury and other debt, equity and derivative securities. The health of the U.S. economy is strongly tied to such deep liquidity that is essential for overseas investors to continue to transact in our markets. If U.S. trading markets become shallower or less liquid, overseas investors may reduce activities in U.S. markets imperiling American economic health.
The complaint charges that Citigroup engaged in numerous noncompetitive and fictitious futures trades in order to steal money from a bank, N.A. proprietary account for which Citigroup exercised trading authority as an employee of Global Markets Ltd. and pass the money to his own personal account.
Let?s look for a moment at the role of markets in my field of derivatives, including swaps and futures. Some of you know how the derivatives markets work, but I ponder a basic example will be useful. Let?s start with your local grocery store. We all take for granted an abundance of food on the shelves week after week, year after year. We never have to wonder how the weather is affecting the growing season or if it was a bountiful or lean harvest in thousands of rural counties all across our country.
Yet, visitors to America from the developing world are amazed by the constant bounty of food at relatively stable prices in our grocery stores. In many parts of the world, plentiful food depends on a good harvest. A bad harvest means there is small to eat. With little to no income from a bad harvest, farmers are unable to plant next year causing further starvation and misery.
The utilize of risk hedging instruments, namely commodity futures, swaps and other derivatives is one of the key reasons Americans find plenty of food on the shelves. Many of our agricultural producers hedge their prices and costs of production in the futures markets. But such futures and other derivatives markets are not just beneficial for agricultural producers. They impact the price and availability of the food we eat, the warmth of our homes, the energy used in our factories, the interest rates we pay on our home mortgages and the returns we earn on our retirement savings. Well-functioning derivatives markets allow users to transfer the risks of variable production costs, such as the price of raw materials, energy, foreign currency and interest rates, from those who cannot afford them to those who can. In short, derivatives serve the needs of society to help moderate price, supply and other commercial risks. Thus, derivatives free up capital for other purposes and boost economic growth, job creation and prosperity.
Now, it is true that derivatives, like any other engineered product ever known to man, can serve both useful as well as harmful purposes. I concur with the thrust of Josh Rosner?s book that the 2008 financial crisis arose from an inferno of complex derivative products used for unfettered risk taking overseen by feckless regulators amidst the government?s planned degrading of mortgage lending standards and the creation of a housing and credit bubble.
Yet, I also consent with scholar Peter Wallison, that the combination of complex derivatives, bank leverage and unwitting regulators would not have caused the depth and scope of the 2008 financial crisis. No, it required the Federal government?s encouragement of banks and other financial institutions to originate and hold huge and opaque amounts of non-traditional, sub-prime and Alt-A mortgage obligations to further the social goal of increased homeownership.25 When home values began to fall and lenders anticipated non-payment of these toxic mortgages, it triggered a crisis of confidence in trading counterparties in securitized mortgage and credit markets and the bursting of a double bubble of housing prices and consumer lending. It led to a full ?run on the bank? with rapidly falling asset values preventing U.S. and foreign lenders from assembly their cash obligations. The result was a financial crisis that was devastating for far too many American businesses and families.
However, seven years later, the standard press and political narrative has been that the financial crisis was primarily about deregulated banks engaging in excessive trading leverage through derivatives. The role of toxic mortgages has been almost, but not entirely, forgotten.
Arising from that incomplete narrative of the financial crisis are many new financial sector regulations that are disproportionately focused on capital adequacy of banks and financial institutions without corresponding attention to housing finance reform. Most of the new regulations have the effect of reducing the ability of medium and large financial institutions to deploy capital in trading markets. Combined, these disparate regulations are already sapping global markets of enormous amounts of trading liquidity. Many of these new rules were cobbled together in the United States? Dodd-Frank Act, the European Union?s European Market Infrastructure Regulation26 and Markets in Financial Instruments Directive II,27 Basel III accords28 and regulations by other overseas authorities. Many of these reforms have ostensible and varied merit and each has a supporting constituency. Yet, U.S. and overseas regulators continue to promulgate almost all of these rules in an uncoordinated and ad hoc fashion with a paucity of predictive analysis of their impact on global trading markets.
The CFTC?s contribution to this liquidity depleting mixture includes its flawed swaps trading rules, about which I have written extensively,29 the double-charging of margin on certain types of derivatives trades used to manage risks,30 the likely imposition of strict limits on risk management of energy and commodities31 and the immensely complicated Volcker Rule that no other jurisdiction has sought to emulate.32
CFTC Charges Trader with Unlawful Trading and Misappropriation from a Proprietary Account. Federal court freezes defendant's assets and preserves books and records.
Yet, the Dodd-Frank Act is only one source of leaks in the pool of market liquidity. Other new rules, dictated by U.S. and European central bankers and bank prudential regulators with little practical understanding of trading markets, are tying up billions in capital on the books of global financial institutions. Many of these rules seek to control borrowing and leverage in the financial system. They prioritize capital reserves over investment capital, balance sheet surplus over market making and systemic safety over investment opportunity. They include regulatory-imposed margin payments on uncleared swaps,33 enhanced central clearinghouse recovery procedures,34 capital retention and leverage reduction requirements under the Basel III accords35 and other rigid leverage ratios and edicts from loosely organized global shadow regulators like the Swiss-based Financial Stability Board.36 Then there is the financial transaction tax sought by the Obama Administration37 and a systemic risk fee (tax) that the Treasury?s Office of Financial Research (OFR) recently proposed to charge to members of clearinghouses.38
Worse, different regulatory authorities in the U.S. and abroad are adopting many of these rules piecemeal with different regulatory standards, requirements and implementation schedules. It is causing the clear fragmentation of global financial markets leading to smaller, disconnected liquidity pools that do not efficiently interact with one another.39 Divided markets are more brittle with shallower liquidity and more volatile pricing, posing a risk of failure in times of economic stress or crisis.40
In response to the deluge of capital constraining regulations, major money center banks are today building up large balance sheet reserves instead of putting their capital to work in the markets and the economy. Large banks have dramatically reduced their inventories of Treasury and corporate bonds and other financial instruments.41 For example, estimates show that in the $4.5 trillion bond market, banks hold just $50 billion of corporate bonds compared to $300 billion before the financial crisis.42 This lack of stock deprives markets of the ?shock absorber? mechanism that dealers traditionally provide. Without it, it is much harder to execute large trades without moving the market causing greater price volatility.
A recent report by the OFR asserts that changes in financial market structures caused by new regulations are reducing the willingness of some major market participants to smooth out volatility in global financial markets.43 According to this study, these changes will cause the U.S. financial system to become more vulnerable to debilitating financial market shocks.44 Federal Reserve Chair, Janet Yellen recently acknowledged concerns that market liquidity may deteriorate during stressed conditions due to new regulations, among other factors.45
In trying to stamp out risk, global regulators are instead harming trading liquidity. Capital constrained banks and other market makers have little choice but to limit their exposure to increasingly fragmented markets, particularly in the event of financial turmoil. It has reached such a level that the IMF recently issued a report discussing the need for more not less economic risk-taking to help global recovery.46 The report calls on banks to revamp their business models to once again become engines of growth. Yet, the IMF neglects to call out regulators for restricting the banks? ability to put their capital to work.
We need to look no further for a ?canary in the liquidity coal mine? than the events of October 15, 2014 when yields on U.S. Treasury instruments suddenly plunged the most since 2009 without a discernable catalyst. The mini-crisis revealed a fundamental imbalance in the ratio of liquidity provided to markets by capital constrained and risk adverse large banks and liquidity demanded from markets by a burgeoning buy-side.47 JPMorgan CEO Jamie Dimon called it a ?warning shot? to investors.48 I fear that the next time global financial markets experience a sharp stress or shock ? and that time will inevitably come ? the cumulative effect of all the various Dodd-Frank Act, European and Basel III rules may be to drain the market of critically needed trading liquidity ? liquidity that will be essential for short-term solvency for many ordinary, everyday American businesses.
Regulators often claim they are acting to avoid a repeat of the last crisis. Today, they may be laying the seeds of the next crisis: disappearance of trading liquidity in U.S. and global capital markets. One veteran industry commentator has aptly noted that ?a market in which no one is willing to take a risk is a market that is very risky.?49 Once again we look that flawed and ad hoc implementation of regulatory reform is increasing the systemic risk that the Dodd-Frank Act promised to reduce.
Fortunately, the Dodd-Frank Act created a new super-regulator, known as the Financial Stability Oversight Council, or FSOC, that is charged with coordinating the hundreds of new rules and regulations.50 Unfortunately, FSOC has been an unmitigated failure as a coordinator of regulatory reform. Rather than moderate the impact of liquidity draining regulations, FSOC has spent its time designating Wall Street banks and insurance companies as ?too big to fail? so that someday they can be bailed out by taxpayers and regulated by none other than ? you guessed it ? the Federal Reserve.51
CFTC Charges Trader with Unlawful Trading and Misappropriation from a Proprietary Account. Federal court freezes defendant's assets and preserves books and records.
Interestingly, FSOC?s just-issued annual report fully acknowledges that banks and broker-dealers are reducing their securities inventories and in some cases exiting markets.52 It then instructs individual market participants and regulators to monitor these developments, including how regulations impact the provision of market liquidity.53 Good grief! Monitoring how all these new regulations impact the provision of market liquidity and may cause systemic risk is supposed to be FSOC?s job!
Just as FSOC requires stress testing of its ?too big to fail? subject firms, FSOC should do some stress testing of its own. If U.S. markets are to remain the world?s deepest and most liquid markets, FSOC should conduct a thorough analysis of the full impact of the mass of liquidity reducing regulations that it is supposed to be coordinating.
One thing is certain: when a liquidity crisis hits, FSOC will be the first to point fingers, blame financial markets, banks and large market participants and demand more control over them. FSOC may even use its new powers and taxpayer money to bail out more U.S. and foreign financial institutions. Remember: ?never let a good crisis go to waste.?54
Despite all this, I believe American voters expect the next Administration, Democrat or Republican, to take steps to end the new mediocre and return to traditional American middle class prosperity. That begins with efficient capital markets without artificial liquidity constraints emerging from a Pandora?s box of competing and disjointed regulatory initiatives. U.S. regulators, not European central bankers, are authorized by Congress to manage U.S. markets. We should not subsume our authority to organizations that are unrecognized by U.S. law. It is time for FSOC to step up to its statutory duty to monitor and analyze the hundreds of new federal and overseas regulations. It is time for FSOC to measure the cumulative effect of these disparate rules and regulations on U.S. financial markets, looming systemic risk and the sluggish American economy.
In conclusion, let me return to the Cato Institute?s namesake, Cato the Younger. As you may know, Cato also appears as a literary character55 in the second book of Dante Alighieri?s Divine Comedy, the timeless medieval poem about the transition from the road to Hell to the path to Heaven. Cato stands on the border of the two. He represents rebirth, renewal and redemption.
So too, we participants and observers of capital markets are at a transition point. We have been through the inferno of the financial crisis. We are told we are on an upward path. Yet, we seem somewhat stuck in a blinding fog obstructing a clear view of the right road ahead. Our fellow men and women are being buffeted by the impact of mediocre economic stewardship, ad hoc regulatory reform and the failure of those whose duty it is to see through the haze.
Yet, I firmly believe Americans will persevere, in time, to greater prosperity and economic freedom. That is because, like Cato, Americans have always and, I pray, will always reject the false promise of government provided safety, security and a riskless future and, instead, hold quick to personal liberty, free markets and the fruits of their own hard work and ingenuity.
1 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) annual growth rate in the United States averaged 3.24 percent from 1948 until the first quarter of 2015, reaching an all-time high of 13.40 percent in the fourth quarter of 1950 and a record low of -4.10 percent in the second quarter of 2009. United States GDP Annual Growth Rate, TradingEconomics.com, http://www.tradingeconomics.com/united-states/gdp-growth-annual (last visited Jun. 1, 2015).
CFTC Charges Trader with Unlawful Trading and Misappropriation from a Proprietary Account. Federal court freezes defendant's assets and preserves books and records.
2 Op-Ed, The ?New Mediocre,? The Wall Street Journal, Oct. 16, 2014, available at http://www.wsj.com/articles/the-new-mediocre-1413415600.
3 News Release, National Income and Product Accounts, Gross Domestic Product: First Quarter 2015 (Second Estimate), Corporate Profits: First Quarter 2015 (Preliminary Estimate), U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, May 29, 2015, available at https://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/national/gdp/2015/gdp1q15_2nd.htm.
4 Gross Domestic Product, Percent Change from Preceding Period, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, https://www.bea.gov/national/xls/gdpchg.xls (last visited Jun. 1, 2015).
5 Jeffrey M. Lacker, President, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Address Before the Virginia Bankers Association and Virginia Chamber of Commerce 2015 Financial Forecast (Jan. 9, 2015), available at https://www.richmondfed.org/press_room/speeches/president_jeff_lacker/2015/pdf/lacker_speech_20150109.pdf. President Lacker noted that in the half century before the 2008 recession began real GDP grew at an average annual rate of approximately 3.5 percent. See also Dinah Walker, Quarterly Update: The U.S. Economic Recovery in Historical Context, Council on Foreign Relations, Aug. 22, 2013, available at http://www.cfr.org/united-states/quarterly-update-us-economic-recovery-historical-context/p25774 (noting that the economic expansion following the 2008 recession has been the weakest of the post-World War II era with GDP rising about half as much as in the average post-World War II era recovery).
6 Id.; see also Peter Ferrara, How Does President Obama?s Economic Recovery Compare To Those Of Other Presidents?, Forbes, Aug. 4, 2013, available at http://www.forbes.com/sites/peterferrara/2013/08/04/how-does-president-obamas-economic-recovery-compare-to-those-of-other-presidents/ (Ferrara).
7 Labor Force Participation Rates, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNU01300000 (last visited Jun. 1, 2015).
8 Not in Labor Force, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, http://www.bls.gov/webapps/legacy/cpsatab16.htm (last visited Jun. 1, 2015).
9 Karen Kosanovich and Eleni Theodossiou Sherman, Trends in Long-Term Unemployment, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Mar. 2015, available at http://www.bls.gov/spotlight/2015/long-term-unemployment/pdf/long-term-unemployment.pdf. Nick Timiraos, Elevated Level of Part-Time Employment: Post-Recession Norm?, The Wall Street Journal, Nov. 12, 2014, available at http://www.wsj.com/articles/post-recession-legacy-elevated-level-of-part-time-employment-1415808672.
The CFTC complaint was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York. That same day, the court entered a restraining order freezing his assets and prohibiting him from destroying books and records.
10 Richard Fry, A Rising Share of Young Adults Live in Their Parents? Home, Pew Research Center, Aug. 1, 2013, available at http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/08/01/a-rising-share-of-young-adults-live-in-their-parents-home/.
11 News Release, Employment Characteristics of Families ? 2014, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Apr. 23, 2015, available at http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/famee.pdf.
16 40.4 percent of the U.S. workforce is now made up of workers not in traditional full-time employment, but in part-time, temporary, contract labor or other contingent work. Elaine Polfedlt, Shocker: 40% of Workers Now Have ?Contingent? Jobs, Says U.S. Government, Forbes, May 25, 2015, available at http://www.forbes.com/sites/elainepofeldt/2015/05/25/shocker-40-of-workers-now-have-contingent-jobs-says-u-s-government/ (citing U.S. General Accountability Office Report of Apr. 20, 2015, available at http://www.gao.gov/assets/670/669899.pdf.).
17 W. Mark Crain and Nicole V. Crain, The Cost of Federal Regulation to the U.S. Economy, Manufacturing and Small Business, National Association of Manufacturers, at 1 (Sep. 10, 2014), available at http://www.nam.org/Data-and-Reports/Cost-of-Federal-Regulations/Federal-Regulation-Full-Study.pdf.
21 New Poll: Middle Class More Anxious than Aspirational, The Allstate Corporation and National Journal, Apr. 25, 2013, available at http://www.allstatenewsroom.com/channels/News-Releases/releases/new-poll-middle-class-more-anxious-than-aspirational?mode=print.
22 Jack Markell, Americans Need Jobs, Not Populism, The Atlantic, May 3, 2015, available at http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/05/americans-need-jobs-not-populism/391661/.
23 See generally Summary of Commentary on Current Economic Conditions By Federal Reserve Districts, U.S. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Apr. 2015, available at http://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/beigebook/files/BeigeBook_20150415.pdf; see also Press Release, March 2015 FMOC Statement, U.S. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Apr. 29, 2015, available at http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/press/monetary/20150429a.htm.
24 Robert A. Lawson, Economic Freedom: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics, Library of Economics and Liberty (2008), available at http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/EconomicFreedom.html.
In its continuing litigation, the CFTC seeks a permanent injunction against further violations of the federal commodities laws, restitution, disgorgement of ill-gotten gains, a civil monetary penalty and other equitable relief. The CFTC thanks the U.K. Financial Services Authority for its assistance.
25 In his recent book, Hidden in Plain Sight: What Really Caused the World?s Worst Financial Crisis and Why It Could Happen Again, Peter J. Wallison, extensively documents how the financial crisis was directly caused by U.S. government housing policies through which over half of all U.S. mortgages were sub-prime or otherwise low-quality, a fact that was grossly undisclosed to market participants and the American public. See Peter J. Wallison, Hidden in Plain Sight: What Really Caused the World?s Worst Financial Crisis and Why It Could Happen Again (Encounter Books 2015).
26 The European Union regulation intended to enhance the stability of the over-the-counter (OTC) derivative markets throughout the EU states. The regulation entered into force on Aug. 16, 2012. Regulation 648/2012, 2012 O.J. (L. 201) (EU), available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012R0648.
27 Directive 2014/65, 2014 O.J. (L 173) (EU), available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32014L0065&from=EN.
28 Basel III (or the Third Basel Accord) is a global, voluntary regulatory framework on bank capital adequacy, stress testing and market liquidity risk. The members of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision agreed upon this framework in 2010?2011. The third installment of the Basel Accords was developed in response to the deficiencies in financial regulation revealed by the financial crisis of 2007?2008. Basel III is intended to strengthen bank capital requirements by increasing bank liquidity and decreasing bank leverage. See generally Basel III, Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, http://www.bis.org/bcbs/basel3.htm (last visited Jun. 1, 2015).
29 CFTC Commissioner J. Christopher Giancarlo, Pro-Reform Reconsideration of the CFTC Swaps Trading Rules: Return to Dodd-Frank (Jan. 29, 2015), available at http://www.cftc.gov/ucm/groups/public/@newsroom/documents/file/sefwhitepaper012915.pdf (White Paper). The White Paper asserts that there is a fundamental mismatch between the distinct liquidity and trading dynamics of the global swaps markets and the CFTC?s over-engineered, futures-oriented swaps trading regulatory framework. It identifies the following adverse consequences, among others, of the CFTC?s flawed swaps trading rules: driving global market participants away from transacting with entities subject to CFTC swaps regulation, fragmenting swaps trading into numerous artificial market segments, and increasing market liquidity risk, market fragility and the systemic risk that the Dodd-Frank regulatory reform was predicating on reducing. See White Paper.
30 See Testimony Before the U.S. House Committee on Agriculture, Subcommittee on Commodity Exchanges, Energy, and Credit (Apr. 14, 2015) (statement of CFTC Commissioner J. Christopher Giancarlo).
31 See CFTC Commissioner J. Christopher Giancarlo, Keynote Address of CFTC Commissioner J. Christopher Giancarlo before the EnergyRisk Summit USA: Houston TX, ?The CFTC?s Proposed Position Limits Regime: Are U.S. Energy Markets at Risk?? (May 13, 2015), available at http://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/SpeechesTestimony/opagiancarlos-6.
32 Prohibition and Restrictions on Proprietary Trading and Certain Interests in, and Relationships With, Hedge Funds and Private Equity Funds, 79 FR 5808 (Jan. 31, 2014), available at http://www.cftc.gov/ucm/groups/public/@lrfederalregister/documents/file/2013-31476a.pdf.
CFTC Charges Trader with Unlawful Trading and Misappropriation from a Proprietary Account. Federal court freezes defendant's assets and preserves books and records.
33 Margin and Capital Requirements for Covered Swap Entities, 79 FR 57348 (Sep. 24, 2014), available at http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2014-09-24/pdf/2014-22001.pdf.
34 Financial Stability Board, Letter from the Chairman to G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, at 3 (Feb. 4, 2015), available at http://www.financialstabilityboard.org/wp-content/uploads/FSB-Chair-letter-to-G20-February-2015.pdf.
35 See generally Basel III, Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, http://www.bis.org/bcbs/basel3.htm (last visited Jun. 1, 2015).
36 See generally Financial Stability Board, http://www.financialstabilityboard.org/ (last visited Jun. 1, 2015).
37 Fiscal Year 2016 Budget Of The U.S. Government, Office of Management and Budget, at 33, available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2016/assets/budget.pdf.
38 Agostino Capponi, W. Allen Cheng and Sriram Rajan, Systemic Risk: The Dynamics under Central Clearing, Office of Financial Research, Working Paper (May 7, 2015) available at http://financialresearch.gov/working-papers/files/OFRwp-2015-08_Systemic-Risk-The-Dynamics-under-Central-Clearing.pdf.
41 Simon Nixon, Why Liquidity-Starved Markets Fear the Worst, The Wall Street Journal, May 20, 2015, available at http://www.wsj.com/articles/why-liquidity-starved-markets-fear-the-worst-1432153849.
43 2014 Annual Report, Office of Financial Research, U.S. Treasury Department, at 30-33 (Dec. 2, 2014), available at http://www.treasury.gov/initiatives/ofr/about/Documents/OFR_AnnualReport2014_FINAL_12-1-2014.pdf.
Specifically, the CFTC complaint alleges that, Citigroup engaged in a series of noncompetitive palladium and platinum futures transactions. The futures contracts were offered by the New York Mercantile Exchange on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange's Globex electronic trading platform. he allegedly caused the bank, N.A. account to trade in illiquid contracts opposite his personal account at off-market prices. According to the complaint, the effect of the transactions was that there was no net change in open positions of either his account or the bank, N.A. account. However, in each offsetting transaction, he allegedly profited, and the bank, N.A. account lost.
45 Ian Katz, Yellen Says Regulators Ready to Act as Panel Cites Risks, Bloomberg, May 19, 2015, available at http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-05-19/yellen-says-regulators-ready-to-act-as-panel-cites-market-risks (Katz).
46 The recent IMF Global Financial Stability Report discusses the need for more economic risk-taking to help the economy. IMF Survey, Policymakers Should Encourage Economic Risk Taking, Keep Financial Excess Under Control, IMF Survey Magazine, Oct. 8, 2014, available at http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2014/POL100814B.htm.
47 Anthony J. Perrotta, Jr., An E-Trading UST Market ?Flash Crash?? Not So Fast, TABB Group, Nov. 24, 2014, available at http://tabbforum.com/opinions/an-e-trading-treasury-market-'flash-crash'-not-so-fast. Some of the largest broker-dealers and proprietary trading firms appear to have withdrawn from the market to manage heightened risk. See 2015 Annual Report, The Financial Stability Oversight Council, at 110 (2015), available at http://www.treasury.gov/initiatives/fsoc/studies-reports/Documents/2015%20FSOC%20Annual%20Report.pdf (FSOC Annual Report).
49 Steven Lofchie, Comment, Center for Financial Stability President Discusses the Era of ?Never Before?, The Cadwalader Cabinet, May 27, 2015, http://www.cadwalader.com/thecabinet/regulatory_updates.php?&date_filter=&TagIDList=62,58,28,&ID=10120 (last visited Jun. 1, 2015).
50 See Purposes and Duties of the FSOC, Section 112 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, Public Law 111-203, 124 Stat. 1376, 1395 (2010).
51 It is now estimated that approximately $25 trillion or 60 percent of the U.S. financial system?s liabilities are backed by explicit or implicit protection from loss by the Federal government. Special Report, Bailout Barometer: How Large is the Financial Safety Net?, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, https://www.richmondfed.org/safetynet/ (last visited Jun. 1, 2015).
54 Gerald F. Seib, In Crisis, Opportunity for Obama, The Wall Street Journal, Nov. 21, 2008, available at http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122721278056345271 (citing that Rahm Emanuel, President Obama?s then Chief of Staff told a Wall Street Journal conference of top corporate chief executives that ?[y]ou never want a serious crisis to go to waste.?).
55 Dante Alighieri, Paradiso, Canto 1.31-108, Trans, Henry Francis Cary, London: The Folio Society (2007).
The complaint charges that he engaged in numerous noncompetitive and fictitious futures trades in order to steal money from a bank, N.A. proprietary account for which he exercised trading authority as an employee of Global Markets Ltd. and pass the money to his own personal account.
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